Syntax and semantics of verbals in English

While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove. (London)

Дожидаясь, когда закипит вода, он наклонился над печкой.

Participle I Indefinite of the verb “to be” is not used as an adverbial modifier of time. Clauses of the type 'Когда он был ребенком...,' 'Когда он был в Ленинграде...' may be translated When a boy.... When he was a boy..., When in Leningrad..., When he was in Leningrad. ..

(b) of cause.

Being of a more slender figure than Mr. Jarndyce, and having a richer complexion, Mr. Skimpole looked younger. (Dickens)

Так как мистер Скимпоул был стройнее мистера Джарндайса и так как цвет лица у него был лучше, он выглядел моложе.

Having been a little in that line myself, I understood it. (Shaw)

Так как я сам раньше некоторое время работал в этой области, я понимал это.

(с) of manner and attendant circumstances. In this function Participle I Indefinite is mostly used.

She balanced herself on the curbstone and began to walk carefully, setting heel to toe, heel to toe, and counting her steps. (Heym) (adverbial modifier of manner)

Она встала на край тротуара и осторожно пошла вперед, переступая с пятки па кончики пальцев и считая свои шаги.

Gwendolyn was silent, again looking at her hands. (Eliot) (adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances)

Гвендолин молчала, разглядывая свои руки.

It is not always easy to discriminate between an adverbial modifier of manner and an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.

He has been in three revolutions fighting on the barricades. (Shaw)

Он принимал участие в трех революциях, сражаясь па баррикадах.

(d) of comparison. In this function Participle I is introduced by the conjunction as if or as though.

This was said as if thinking aloud. (Gaskell)

Это было сказано так, как будто он думал вслух.

... he was still on his guard, as though waiting for a further question from me. (Du Marnier)

Он все еще был настороже, словно ожидая, что я задам ему еще один вопрос.

Participle I as a predicative.

In this function Participle I is used but seldom; it is usually rendered in Russian by an adjective.

The effect of her words was terrifying.

Впечатление, произведенное ее словами, было страшно.

The whole damned day had been humiliating. (Priestley)

Весь этот ужасный день был унизительным.

Participle I as part of a complex object.

I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs. (Galsworthy)

Я видел, как этот молодой человек и его жена разговаривали с нами па лестнице.

Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate.

Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below. (Hardy)

Вскоре они услышали, что через комнату вниз прошел еще кто-то.

Participial phrase as parenthesis.

Here we always find a participial phrase; a single participle is not used in this function.

Generally speaking, I don't like boys. (Dickens)

Вообще говоря, я не люблю мальчиков.

Judging by appearances, Mr. Bowmore looked like a man prematurely wasted and worn by the cares of a troubled life. (Collins)

Судя по внешности, мистер Баумор был человек преждевременно состарившийся и измученный тяготами жизни.

Participle II

Participle II as an attribute.

When used as an attribute Participle II of transitive verbs corresponds to the Russian страдательное причастие or действительное причастие of some verbs ending in -ся, е. g. a broken chair (сломанный стул), a broken cup (разбитая чашка), a newspaper published in Moscow (газета, издаваемая в Москве), the problem discussed at the meeting (вопрос, обсуждавшийся на собрании).

Participle II, as well as Participle I, can be used in preposition (without any accompanying words) and in post-position (with one or more accompanying words).

He answered through the locked door. (Wells)

Он ответил через закрытую дверь.

They turned into the large conservatory beautifully lit up with Chinese lamps. (Eliot)

Они свернули в большую оранжерею, красиво освещенную китайскими фонариками.

Participle II of intransitive verbs which denote passing into a new state, corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие or to an adjective. However, only in a few cases Participle II of an intransitive verb may be used attributively, mostly Participle II of the verbs to fade, to wither, to retire, to fall, to vanish, e. g. faded leaves (увядшие листья), a withered flower (засохший цветок), a retired colonel (отставной полковник), a fallen star (упавшая звезда), the vanished jewels (пропавшие драгоценности).

An attribute expressed by Participle II may be detached; in .this case it often has an additional meaning of an adverbial modifier:

The housekeeper had come out of her room, attracted by the violent ringing of the bell. (Conan Doyle)

Экономка вышла из своей комнаты, привлеченная неистовым звоном колокольчика.

Accompanied by his father and Steger, he (Cowperwood) ascended to his new room. (Dreiser)

Сопровождаемый отцом и Стеджером (в сопровождении отца и Стеджера), он поднялся в свою новую комнату.

Participle II as an adverbial modifier.

In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, if, as if, as though, though, etc. It is generally rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.

Participle II can be an adverbial modifier:

(a) of time.

When guestioned Annie had implied vaguely... that she was anxious about her brother-in-law. (Crohin)

Когда Энни стали расспрашивать, она дала понять..., что беспокоится о своем шурине.

(b) of condition.

It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed, a breach of the law which, if discovered, would bring them into the police court. (Cronin)

To, что он предлагал, было ужасно: это было нарушение закона, и, если бы оно открылось, их отдали бы под суд.

(c) of comparison.

As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried. (Galsworthy)

Он плакал, словно его мучили внутренняя борьба и сомнения.

Mr. Kantwise shook his head as though lost in wonder and admiration. (Trollope)

Мистер Кэитуайуз покачал головой, словно переполненный чувством удивления и восхищения.

(d) of concession.

... her spirit, though crushed, was not broken. (A. Bronte)

... хотя она и была подавлена, она не была сломлена.

Other grammarians view of the analysis of such word-groups as when questioned... , if discovered... , as if torn..., though crushed... is different. They consider such word-groups to be elliptical clauses and not participial phrases.

Participle II as a predicative.

In spite of himself, Val was impressed. (Galsworthy)

На Вэла это произвело впечатление, помимо его воли.

The inner gate was locked, and the lodge closed. (Dickens)

Внутренние ворота были заперты, и помещение привратника закрыто.

Participle II as part of a complex object.

She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed. (Collins)

Она нашла, что я ничуть не переменился, а я нашел, что она изменилась.

2.2.4 Predicative constructions with the participle

In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the participle:

(1) the Objective Participial Construction;

(2) the Subjective Participial Construction;

(3) the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction;

(4) the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. B.S. Khaimovich, B.I. Rogovskaya. A Course in English Grammar. 1966 p. 127

The Objective Participial Construction.

The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case.

In the next berth she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily. (Hardy)

Ей было слышно как на соседней койке тяжело дышит ее мачеха.

The participle breaking is in predicate relation to the noun “stepmother”, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.

In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite Active or Participle II is used. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. It usually corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Russian.

The Objective Participial Construction may be found:

(a) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.

Then he looked out of the window and saw clouds gathering. (Dreiser)

Потом он выглянул из окна и увидел, что собираются тучи.

1 heard my wife coming... (Conan Doyle)

She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. (Hardy)

She found him waiting for her at her journey's end... (Dickens)

I saw the pony harnessed myself. (Collins)

(b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand.

I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer. (Eliot)

Я считаю себя помолвленной с господином Клесмером.

(c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used.

The governor wants it done quick. (Bennett)

Отец хочет, чтобы это было сделано быстро.

(d) after the verbs to have and to get; after these verbs only Participle II is used.

In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject' of the sentence. `Thus had the piano tuned' means 'I made someone tune the piano'.

I had my coat altered.

Я переделала пальто (т. е. поручила кому-то переделать его).

He ... had several bottles of wine brought ... (Dreiser)

Ему ... принесли несколько бутылок вина.

In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used:

Why don't you have your hair waved? (Du Maurier)

Почему вы не завьетесь (не сделаете завивку)?

Occasionally the meaning of the construction is different: it may show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action expressed by the participle.

The wounded man had his leg amputated.

Раненому ампутировали ногу.

The Subjective Participial Construction.

The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.

In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личное предложение).

The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.

They were heard talking together... (Collins)

This construction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception.

The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy)

Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence.

The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in. (Dickens)

Так как дверь и окно пустой комнаты были открыты, мы заглянули в нее.

In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. This construction is generally rendered in Russian by means of an adverbial clause. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier. It can be an adverbial modifier:

(a) of time.

The lamp having been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son's letter. (Collins)

Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Макаллан достала письмо от сына.

This duty completed, he had three months' leave. (Hardy)

Когда эта работа была закончена, он получил трехмесячный отпуск.

(b) of cause.

It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs (Dickens)

Так как было довольно поздно, мы взяли свечи и пошли наверх.

A knock had come to the door, and there being nobody else to answer it, Clare, went out. (Hardy)

Послышался стук в дверь, и, так как больше некому было открыть, Клэр вышел.

(с) of attendant circumstances. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is mostly placed at the end of the sentence. In rendering it in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used.

He turned and went, we, as before, following him. (Jerome)

Он повернулся и вышел; как и прежде, мы последовали за ним.

One morning he stood in front of the tank, his nose almost pressed to the glass. (Dreiser)

Однажды утром он стоял перед витриной, почти прижавшись носом к стеклу.

(d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the participles permitting and failing.

Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.

Если погода (время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра.

Conciliation failing, force remains; but force failing, no further hope of conciliation is left. The example is borrowed from A Modern English Grammar by O. Jespersen p.219

Если не удается достигнуть примирения, приходится применить силу; но если сила не помогает, не остается никакой надежды на примирение.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction very often occurs in fiction and scientific literature; the use of this construction in colloquial English is rare.

The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.

The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is in most cases used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.

This construction is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот.

They were walking on again, with Hugh calmly drawing at his pipe. (Lindsay)

Они снова шли вперед; Хью спокойно покуривал свою трубку.

The daughter sat quite silent and still, with her eyes fixed on the ground. (Dickens)

Дочь сидела молча и неподвижно, опустив глаза в землю.

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