Syntax and semantics of verbals in English

Легкие шаги по гравию заставили его повернуть голову.

The noise caused her to awake.

От шума она проснулась (шум заставил ее проснуться).

Site caused a telegram to be sent to him. (Galsworthy)

Она распорядилась, чтобы ему послали телеграмму.

8. Though the infinitive as a rule is not used with verbs requiring prepositions, the Objective with the Infinitive is widely used with the preposition `for'.

Occasionally it occurs with the preposition on or upon (after the verb to rely).

I rely on you to come in time.

Я рассчитываю, что вы придете вовремя.

I rely upon you not to go over to the opposition. (Dickens)

Я рассчитываю, что вы не перейдете на сторону противника.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction (traditionally called the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.

The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.

Edith is said to resemble me. (Dickens)

Говорят, что Эдит похожа на меня.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice:

1. With verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, etc.

Mr. Bob Sawyer was heard to laugh heartily. (Dickens)

Слышно было, как смеется Боб Сойер.

The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.

Видно было, как всадник скрылся вдали.

If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.

Tess's father was heard approaching at that moment. (Hardy)

В этот момент они услышали, что подходит отец Тэсс.

2. With verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to knew, to expect, to believe, to suppose.

He was thought to be honest and kindly. (Dreiser)

Его считали честным и добрым человеком.

My father ... was considered by many to be a great man. (Gow and D'Usseau)

Многие считали моего отца незаурядным человеком.

3. With the verb to make.

Little Abraham was aroused... and made to put on his clothes ... (Hardy)

Маленького Эбрахама разбудили и заставили одеться.

4. With Verbs to say and to report.

The gods had given Irene dark-brown eyes and golden hair, which is said to be the mark of a weak character. (Galsworthy)

Боги наделили Ирэн темно-карими глазами и золотистыми волосами, что, как говорят, является признаком слабости характера.

From these examples we can see that in translating sentences containing the Subjective Infinitive Construction after verbs in the Passive Voice a complex sentence is mostly used: its principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личное предложение).

After verbs in the Passive Voice the Subjective Infinitive-Construction is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style, except with the verbs to suppose, to expect, to make; with these verbs the Subjective Infinitive can be found both in fiction and in colloquial language.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the word-groups to be likely, to be sure, and to be certain.

The parish is not likely to quarrel with him for the right to keep the child. (Eliot)

Приход вряд ли будет оспаривать у него право содержать этого ребенка.

Sentences of this kind are rendered in Russian by a simple sentence with a modal word. Note the difference between:

He is sure to come.

Он обязательно придет.

He is sure of coming.

Он уверен, что он придет.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following pairs of synonyms: to seem and to appear; to happen and to chance (the latter is literary); to prove and to turn out.

They seemed to have quite forgotten him already. (Hardy)

Они, казалось (по-видимому), уже совершенно забыли его.

Her eyes appeared always to gaze beyond, and far beyond. (E. Bronte)

Ее глаза, казалось, всегда были устремлены куда-то далеко-далеко.

Mrs. Cowperwood, in spite of the difference in their years, appeared to be a fit mate for him at this time. (Dreiser)

Несмотря на разницу в возрасте, миссис Каупервуд в этот период его жизни, по-видимому (казалось), была для ,него подходящей женой.

The infinitive in sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction cannot refer to a future action except with verbs and word-groups whose meaning allows of it: to expect, to be sure (certain), to be likely.

We are sure to come at the heart of the matter. (Dickens)

Мы обязательно доберемся до сути дела.

Не is expected to give us an answer to-morrow.

Ожидают, что он даст нам ответ завтра.

The for-to-Infiriitive Construction.

The for-to-lnfinitive Construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition for.

In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used.

The construction can have different functions in the sentence. It can be:

1. Subject (often with the introductory it).

For me to ask would be treason, and for me to be told would be treason. (Wilson)

Если бы я спросила, это было бы предательством; если бы мне сказали, это было бы предательством.

I sometimes think it is a shame for people to spend so much money this way. (Dreiser)

Я часто думаю, что стыдно людям тратить на это так много денег.

2. Predicative.

That was for him to find out. (Eliot)

Выяснить это должен был он.

3. Complex object.

Me waited for her to speak. (Hardy)

Он ждал, когда она заговорит.

He asked for the papers to be- brought.

Он попросил принести бумаги.

I am very anxious for Mr. Headstone to succeed in all he undertakes. (Dickens)

Мне очень хочется, чтобы мистеру Хедстону удавалось все, за что он берется.

4. Attribute.

The best thing for you to do is to bide here with your load. I'll send somebody to help you. (Hardy)

Самое лучшее, что вы можете сделать, -- это подождать здесь с вашей поклажей. Я пришлю кого-нибудь помочь вам.

There was really nothing for him to do but what he had done. (Dreiser)

Ему действительно ничего не оставалось делать, кроме того, что он сделал (единственное, что ему оставалось сделать, было то, что он сделал).

5. Adverbial modifier:

(a) of purpose.

Here's the thermometer: they've left it for the doctor to see instead of shaking it down. (Shaw)

Вот термометр; его не стряхнули, чтобы доктор мог посмотреть температуру.

Не stepped aside for me to pass. (Du Marnier)

Он отошел в сторону, чтобы я могла пройти.

(b) of result.

The pleasure of accompanying you was too great a temptation for me to resist. (Collins)

Удовольствие сопровождать вас было так велико, что я не мог ему противиться.

But he had consented, and it was too late for him now to recede. (Trollope)

Но он уже дал согласие, и теперь было поздно отступать.

With the expressions to be sorry, to be glad the infinitive is used only if the subject of the sentence represents at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the infinitive.

1 am glad (pleased) to have got a ticket for the concert.

I am glad to have seen you. (Dreiser)

I am very sorry to have done a man wrong, particularly when it can't be undone. (Dickens)

In other cases a clause is used with to be glad and to be sorry.

I am glad you got a ticket for the concert.

2.2.3 Syntax and Semantics of Participles

Participle I

Participle I as an attribute.

Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие.

The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.

Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.

We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.

Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе.

In some cases Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause.

He came back and stood --resolute on the steps leading down to the street. (Cusack)

Он вернулся и стоял в нерешительности на лестнице, которая вела на улицу.

In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in preposition and in postposition, i.e. it can precede the noun it modifies, and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.

The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy)

Привратник смотрел на удалявшийся экипаж.

Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words.

They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius. (Hichens)

Они пообедали на террасе, выходившей к Везувию.

Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill, the July sunlight at five o'clock fell just where the broad staircase turned. (Galsworthy)

Сквозь массивную стеклянную крышу, освещавшую холл в Робин Хилле, лучи июльского солнца в пять часов падали как раз на поворот широкой лестницы.

Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute.

There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new home... which interested him greatly. (Dreiser)

Его очень интересовала линия, которую прокладывали в нескольких кварталах, от его нового дома.

Participle I Perfect Active and Passive is not used attributively.

Attention should be paid to the fact that Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority; therefore, it often happens that when in Russian we have причастие in English we find a finite verb. Such is the case with the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени expressing priority; it is rendered in English by an attributive clause. Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода (статус, проблемы, аспекты). М., 1988. c. 119

Татьяна, с великим равнодушием переносившая до того мгновения все превратности своей жизни, тут, однако, не вытерпела, прослезилась. (Тургенев)

Tatiana, who had until that moment borne all the ups and downs of her life with great indifference, broke down, however, on this and burst into tears. '' (Translated by Domb)

Бульба повел сыновей своих в светлицу, откуда проворно выбежали две красивые девки-прислужницы, прибиравшие комнату. (Гоголь)

Bulba bade his sons follow him into the little guest-chamber, whence two pretty serving-wenches, who bad been arranging the room, ran out. (Translated by Baskerville)

A clause, not a participle, is generally used in English even when the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени expresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

Базаров закурил трубку и подошел к ямщику, отпрягавшему лошадей. (Тургенев)

Bazarov lit his pipe and went up to the driver who was unharnessing the horses. (Translated by С. Garnett)

Матушка, знавшая наизусть все его обычаи..., всегда старалась засунуть несчастную книгу подальше. (Пушкин)

My mother, who knew all his habits, used to thrust the obnoxious volume into some remote hiding-place. (Translated 'by J. and T. Litvinov)

Occasionally, however, in rendering the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени, a participle is used in English. This is often the case when действительное причастие прошедшего времени refers to no particular time.

Заря уже занималась на небе, когда Соломин постучался в калитку высокого забора, окружавшего фабрику. (Тургенев)

Dawn was already beginning in the sky when Solomin knocked at the gate in the high fence surrounding the factory. (Translated by С Garnett)

Потом он обратил внимание посетителей на висевшую над его головой картину, писанную масляными красками. (Тургенев)

Then he drew the attention of his guests to a picture hanging above his head, painted in oils. ('Translated by C. Garnett)

In many cases an attribute expressed by Participle I is detached, i.e. it acquires a certain independence in the sentence; the connection between the attribute and the word it modifies is loose. A detached attribute is usually separated by a comma.

It was the entrance to a large family vault, extending under the north aisle. (Hardy)

Это был вход в большой фамильный склеп, простиравшийся под северным приделом храма.

Participle I as an adverbial modifier.

All the forms of Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifier. Participle I Indefinite expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие несовершенного вида; Participle I Perfect expresses an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие совершенного вида. In some cases Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause. Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода (статус, проблемы, аспекты). М., 1988. c. 120

Participle I can be an adverbial modifier:

(a) of time.

Approaching Malta Street, Soho, Soames thought with wonder of those years in Brighton. (Galsworthy)

Приближаясь к Мальта Стрит в Сохо, Сомc с удивлением думал о годах, проведенных в Брайтоне.

Having closed the drawing-room door on him, Isabel awaited a little, absorbed in her own thoughts. (Collins)

Закрыв за ним дверь гостиной, Изабелла подождала немного, погруженная в свои мысли.

As has already been stated, with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to enter, "to seize, to look out, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant. In Russian деепричастие совершенного вида is used in such cases.

Anna... hearing his step, ran to the foot of the stairs to meet him. (Eliot)

Анна..., услышав его шаги, побежала вниз по лестнице встретить его.

Arriving there the visitor found everything that should be found at old manors. (Coppard)

Приехав туда, гость нашел все то, что обычно находят в старых поместьях.

Entering her room that evening, Elfride found a packet for herself on the dressing-table. (Hardy)

Войдя вечером в свою комнату, Элфрид нашла на туалетном столе сверток.

If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is often used.

…it was possible for Urquhart, when making his toilet, to survey with pride an original willow pattern tea service. (Cronin)

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