Английский язык для экономических специальностей (English for economists)

1. Practise the intonation in the questions and the answers:

Have you a warranty card? Had you a warranty card? Have you got a warranty card? `How many `classes `have you `got to day? `Is there an evening `department at the faculty? Are you a student? `You are a student of the `All-`Russian `Distance `Institute of Finance and Economics, aren't  you? `Do you study or work? Do you agree? `I'm afraid I don't agree. `Do you `really think so? `You're `quite right. `You didn't `study `last year, did you?

2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

technique - [tek`ni:k] - техника (исполнения)

an organization chart - организационная схема

to designate [`dezineit] - определять

executives [i`zekjutivz] - директора

execution [eksi`kju:n] - выполнение

foreperson - мастер

department head - начальник (цеха)

with respect to - что касается

supply - поставка, снабжение

accounting - учет

supervision - наблюдение

guidance [`aidns] - руководство

records and reports - учетные документы и отчеты

wage incentive program - программа финансово-материального стимулирования

Text. Industrial Management

Industrial Management, in business, term used to describe the techniques and expertise of efficient organization, planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business.

In the theory of industrial management, organization has two principal aspects. One relates to the establishment of so-called lines of responsibility, drawn usually in the form of an organization chart that designates the executives of the business, from the president to the foreperson or department head, and specifies the functions for which they are responsible. The other principal aspect relates to the development of a staff of qualified executives.

Planning in industrial management has three principal aspects. One is the establishment of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials, and supplies; and accounting. The second aspect relates to the implementation of these policies by departments. The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision and guidance by the executive in authority; in this connection a distinction is generally made between top management, which is essentially administrative in nature, and operative management, which is concerned with the direct execution of policy. Control involves the use of records and reports to compare performance with the established standards for work.

Industrial management as just defined dates from the latter part of the 19th century. A notable impetus to its evolution was provided by the American engineer Frederick Taylor, who developed techniques for analyzing the operations involved in production and for setting standards for a day's work. The techniques originally devised by Taylor were adopted by industrialists to other phases of business, including the employment of qualified workers, and wage incentive programs either to replace or to supplement the piecework system that had previously prevailed. Industrial management experts who succeeded Taylor have applied his techniques to a wider range of business problems. Among the leading successors are the Austrian-American management consultant and educator Peter Drucker and the American economist, writer, and diplomat John Kenneth Galbraith.

II. Exercises on the Text:

3. Give English equivalents to:

термин, используемый для описания; два главных аспекта; так называемый; которые определяют директоров предприятия; штат квалифицированных исполнителей; установление политики; закупка оборудования; уровни работы во всех отделах; в этой связи; высшее руководство; действующее руководство; управление; использование учетных документов и отчетов; заметный толчок; техника для анализа действий; была применена промышленниками; программы финансово-материального стимулирования; система сдельного труда; среди ведущих преемников; педагог.

4. Ask questions to these answers (work in pairs).

Organization has two principal aspects.

One relates to the establishment of so-called lines of responsibility.

An organization chart designates the executives of the business.

Yes, it does.

Planning has.

The third aspect relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments.

Yes, it is.

A distinction is made between top management and operative management.

Control involves the use of records and reports.

The American engineer Frederick Taylor.

It was adopted to the employment of qualified workers, and wage incentive programs.

5. Translate the following into Russian:

Characteristics of Economic Markets

III. Grammar Exercises

6. Write down the following verbs in the form of Participle II:

to go, to increase, to begin, to buy, to sell, to make, to play, to write, to bring, to specialize, to operate, to understand, to expand.

7. Put the words in brackets in the Passive Voice:

1. Every society (to face) with the identical problem, the problem of scarcity.

2. The need to chose (to impose) on us all by our income, wealth and ability to borrow.

3. Individuals and families (to limit) by the size of their personal income, savings and ability to borrow.

4. In a free market economy, prices (to determine) by the interaction of the forces of supply and demand.

5. When two goods satisfy similar needs, they (to describe) as substitutes.

8. Turn the following from Active Voice into Passive Voice:

1. Profits, savings and borrowing power limit business firms.

2. Frederick Taylor provided a notable impetus to industrial management.

3. Keynes wrote many books.

4. The competitive system will determine business ethics.

5. Great complexity of organization and administration characterize the operation of large business firms.

6. Two or more persons own a business organization.

7. Sir Joseph Binks gives Tom a small cheque.

8. They gave Uncle Tom a cheque and a railway carriage.

9. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the functions of Participle II:

1. Salaries refer to earnings paid on a weekly or monthly basis.

2. The term «wage» typically refers to the earnings of workers paid by the hour or unit of production.

3. Used in certain ways, wealth can earn income.

4. Natural resources are the things provided by nature that go into the creation of goods and services.

5. Nearly 90 percent of goods and services produced in the U.S. each year come from privately owned firms.

6. Shares are traded in organized markets such as the New York Stock Exchange.

10. Express the following in Russian:

1. The more you know about the subject, the better career decisions you will be able to make.

2. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.

3. As a rule, the more scarce something is the higher its price will be, and the fewer people will want to buy it.

4. The higher the price, the greater the incentive to produce and sell the product.

11. Form adjectives with the help of suffixes:

-al: economic, nation, production, education, profession.

-able: to change, to exchange, to read, fashion, mistake.

12. Form adverbs with the help of the suffix «-ly»:

economical, political, different, rapid, definite, historical, complete, formal, practical, particular.

13. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian:

William Gates

Gates, William Henry, III (1955- ), American business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation, born in Seattle, Washington. Gates cofounded Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen, his high school friend and partner in computer language development from 1967. Fascinated by computers by the age of 12, Gates had been involved with various programming projects throughout high school. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates teamed with Allen to develop a version of the BASIC computer programming language for the MITS Altair, the first personal computer. This work on BASIC for the Altair led Gates to drop out of Harvard in 1977 to pursue full-time his vision of «a computer on every desk and in every home,» the idea behind the Microsoft Corporation. In the early 1980's, Gates led Microsoft's evolution from a developer of computer programming languages to a diversified computer software company producing computer operating systems and applications software as well as programming tools. This transition began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer in 1981. Gates took a personal role in convincing other computer companies to standardize on MS-DOS, fueling computer industry growth in the 1980's through software compatibility. Gates also pushed Microsoft toward the introduction of application software such as the Microsoft Word word processing software for the IBM-PC. A key strategic move by Gates was to agree to develop application software for the Apple Macintosh prior to the release of the first Mac in 1984. This led to a strong position for Microsoft in applications that take advantage of the graphical user interface (GUI).

Much of Gates' success rests on his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy, and to blend creativity with technical acumen. His willingness to bet on new technologies such as Microsoft Windows, Windows NT, and workgroup applications has paid off in keeping Microsoft at the forefront of computer hardware and software evolution.

Unit 6

Grammar: 1. Perfect Tenses.

2. Подчинительные союзы и союзные слова.

3. Побудительные предложения.

Retailing has undergone even more change. Intensive preselling by manufacturers and the development of minimum-service operations, for example, self-service in department stores, have drastically changed the retailer's way of doing business. Supermarkets and discount stores have become commonplace not only for groceries but for products as diversified as medicines and gardening equipment. More recently, warehouse retailing has become a major means of retailing higher-priced consumer goods such as furniture, appliances, and electronic equipment. Chain stores-groups of stores with one ownership-and cooperative groups have also proliferated. Special types of retailing, for example, vending machines and convenience stores, have also developed to fill multiple needs.

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