Lexicography as a science of dictionary-making 
p align="left">A Brief History of English Lexicography|
(1) Latin and French Glossaries | | Year | Author /Editor | Dictionary | Size /Type | | 1440 | Parvulorum | Storehouse [of words] for children or clerics | English-Latin | | 1476 | Caxton | Printing in England | English-Latin | | 1480 | Caxton | French-English Glossary | French-English | | 1499 | Caxton | Promptorium | "hard words" | | 1500 | Hortus Vocabularum | Garden of Words | Latin-English | | 1533 | John Withals | A Short Dictionary for Yong Beginners | English-Latin | | 1538 | Sir Thomas Elyot | Dictionary (Bibliotheca Eliotae) | Latin-English | | 1565 | Thomas Cooper | Thesaurus of the Roman Tongue and the British | French-English | | (2) Early English Dictionaries: The Seventeenth Century | | Year | Author /Editor | Dictionary | Size /Type | | 1552 | Richard Huloet | Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum | English-Latin-(Fr.) | | 1582 | Richard Mulcaster | Elementary | 8,000 words | | 1588 | Thomas Thomas | Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae | Latin-English | | 1598 | John Florio | A World of Words | Italian-English | | 1604 | Robert Cawdrey | A Table Alphabetical | 2,500 words | | 1616 | John Bullokar | An English Expositor | 5,000 words | | 1623 | Henry Cockeram | The English Dictionary | 3 parts | | 1656 | Thomas Blount | Glossographia | | | 1658 | Edward Phillips | The New World of English Words | | | 1673 | Thomas Blount | A World of Errors Discovered in the New World of Words | | | 1676 | Elisha Coles | An English Dictionary | 25,000 words | | (3) The Beginning of Modern Dictionary Practice: The Eighteenth Century | | Year | Author /Editor | Dictionary | Size /Type | | 1702 | John Kersey | A New English Dictionary | 28,000 words | | 1704 | John Harris | An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | | | 1706 | John Kersey | Philips's New World of English Words | 38,000 words | | 1721 | Nathan Bailey | An Universal Etymological English Dictionary | 40,000 words | | 1727 | Nathan Bailey | An Universal Etymological English Dictionary Volume II | 2 parts | | 1728 | Ephraim Chambers | An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | | | 1730 | Nathan Bailey | Dictionarium Britannicum | 48,000 words | | 1747 | Samuel Johnson | Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language | | | 1749 | Benjamin Martin | Lingua Britannica Reformata | | | 1755 | Samuel Johnson | A New Universal English Dictionary | 40,000 words | | (4) Dictionaries of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries | | Year | Author /Editor | Dictionary | | 1757 | James Buchanan | Linguae Britannicae | | 1764 | William Johnston | Pronouncing and Spelling Dictionary | | 1764 | John Entick | Spelling Dictionary | | 1773 | William Kenrick | A New Dictionary of the English Language | | 1780 | Thomas Sheridan | A General Dictionary of the English Language | | 1783 | Noah Webster | The American Spelling Book | | 1791 | John Walker | Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language | | 1818 | Henry Todd | Johnson's Dictionary | | 1820 | Albert Chalmers | Todd-Johnson with Walker's Pronunciations | | 1828 | Joseph E. Worcester | Chalmers's Dictionary | | 1828 | Noah Webster | An American Dictionary of the English Language | | 1830 | Joseph Worcester | Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language | | 1837 | Charles Richardson | A New Dictionary of the English Language (cf. OED) | | 1841 | Noah Webster | An American Dictionary of the English Language new edition | | 1846 | Joseph Worcester | Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language | | 1857 | Richard Chenevix Trench | Some Deficiencies in Our English Dictionaries (cf. OED) | | 1860 | Joseph Worcester | A Dictionary of the English Language | | 1864 | Noah Porter | A Dictionary of the English Language | | 1882 | Charles Annandale | The Century Dictionary | | 1890 | George and Charles Merriam | International Dictionary | | 1893 | Funk & Wagnalls | Standard Dictionary of the English Language | | (5) Dictionaries of the 20th Century | | Year | Author /Editor | Dictionary | | 1909 | George and Charles Merriam | International Dictionary | | 1913 | Funk & Wagnalls | New Standard Dictionary of the English Language | | 1927 | | The New Century Dictionary | | 1928 | | Oxford English Dictionary | | 1934 | | Webster's New International Dictionary | | 1938 | Irving Lorge & Edward Thorndike | A Semantic Count of English Words | | 1947 | | American College Dictionary | | 1947 | Funk & Wagnalls | New College Standard | | 1953 | David Guralnik & Joseph Friend | Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language | | 1961 | Philip Babcock Gove | Webster's Third New International Dictionary | | 1963 | Philip Babcock Gove | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary | | 1966 | Random House | The Random House Dictionary of the English Language | | 1968 | Random House | Random House Dictionary, College Edition (Random House College Dictionary) | | 1969 | | American Heritage Dictionary | | 1973 | | Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary | | 1983 | | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary | | |
2. Dictionary: notion, functions, classification, components If we speak about the dictionary as a linguistic term, it is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. Many dictionaries also provide pronunciation information; grammatical information; word derivations, histories, or etymologies; illustrations; usage guidance; and examples in phrases or sentences. Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book, but more and more dictionaries are produced as software runs from electronic PDA or a general purpose computer. Most dictionaries are produced by lexicographers. Since words and their meanings develop over time, dictionary entries are organized to reflect these changes. Dictionaries may either list meanings in the historical order in which they appeared, or may list meanings in order of popularity and most common use. Dictionaries also differ in the degree to which they are encyclopedic, providing considerable background information, illustrations, and the like, or linguistic, concentrating on etymology, nuances of meaning, and quotations demonstrating usage. Any dictionary has been designed to fulfill one or more functions. The dictionary functions chosen by the maker(s) of the dictionary provide the basis for all lexicographic decisions, from the selection of entry words, over the choice of information types, to the choice of place for the information (e.g. in an article or in an appendix). There are two main types of function. The communication-oriented functions comprise text reception (understanding), text production, text revision, and translation. The knowledge-oriented functions deal with situations where the dictionary is used for acquiring specific knowledge about a particular matter, and for acquiring general knowledge about something. The optimal dictionary is one that contains information directly relevant for the needs of the users relating to one or more of these functions. It is important that the information is presented in a way that keeps the lexicographic information costs at a minimum. All dictionaries are divided into linguistic and encyclopedic. Encyclopedic dictionaries describe different objects, phenomena and people and give some information about them. Linguistic dictionaries describe vocabulary units, their semantic structure, their origin and their usage; words are usually given in the alphabetical order. Linguistic dictionaries are divided into general and specialized dictionaries. General dictionaries include explanatory (monolingual) and translation (bilingual) dictionaries. In explanatory (monolingual) dictionaries the entry consists of the spelling, transcription, grammatical forms, meanings, examples, phraseology. Translation (bilingual) dictionaries give words and their equivalents in the other language. Specialized dictionaries include dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, collocations, word frequency, slang, neologisms; etymological, pronouncing, phraseological and other dictionaries. Specialized dictionaries (also technical dictionaries) focus on linguistic and factual matters relating to specific subject fields. A specialized dictionary may have a relatively broad coverage, e.g. a picture dictionary, in that it covers several subject fields such as science and technology (a multi-field dictionary), or their coverage may be more narrow, in that they cover one particular subject field such as law (a single-field dictionary) or even a specific sub-field such as contract law (a sub-field dictionary). Specialized dictionaries may be maximizing dictionaries, i.e. they attempt to achieve comprehensive coverage of the terms in the subject field concerned, or they may be minimizing dictionaries, i.e. they attempt to cover only a limited number of the specialized vocabulary concerned. Generally, multi-field dictionaries tend to be minimizing, whereas single-field and sub-field dictionaries tend to be maximizing.
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