Comparative Analysis of the Compound Words

2. Adjective + noun: кўксултон, хомток

3. Noun + adjectivesective: гулбеор, ошкўк

4. Number + noun: мингоё?, ?ир?о?айни, учбурчак

5. Noun + verb ўринбосар, бешиктерватар

6. Verb + verb искабтопар, олиб сотар

Following compound words are written without hyphen:

1) The nouns with one stress: гулкўрпа, ош?озон, ў?илон, тутмайиз.

2) Nouns + aр suffix: отбо?ар, из?увар

3) Geographical places: Сирдарё, О?тепа

German Compound nouns are formed in these ways:

1. Noun + noun: Infinitivform

2. Verb + noun: Leitglied

3. Noun + adjective: Kleinkind, Reinmetall, Hochstufe

4. Number + noun: Erststellung, Drittdro?e, Tausendfuss

5. Pronoun + noun: Ichton, Erform, Ichbewu?tsein

6. Adverb + noun: Spatstellung

7. Praposition + noun: Mitschuler, Zwischenglied, Abart.

German Noun + verb nouns may express different relationships:

1. Object of action: Kindererziehung, Blaubersammlung

2. Subject of action: Mutterliebe

3. Material: Brotteig

4. Time: Sonntagsanzug

5. Place: Dorfteich, Waldrande

6. Purpose: Brotmesser, Roman Schreiber

2.3.2 Compound Adjectives

English compound adjectives are constructed in a very similar way to the compound noun. Black board jungle, gunmetal sheen and green monkey disease are only a few examples.

There are some similarities in forming English and German compound nouns: The components of some compound nouns may be joined with the help of linking consonant: English compound nouns statesman, sportsman nouns statesman, and sportsman are joined with the consonant "s".

German compound nouns are joined:

· with the help of linking element - "s" or "es"

die Arbeit + s + der Plan = der Arbeitsplan

das Land + es + die Grenze = die Landesgrenze

· with the help of " - in" or " - en".

der Student + en + die Versammlung = die Studentenversammlung

· with the help of linking element "e"

halt(en) + e + das Signal = das Haltesignal.

· without a' linking element:

der Tausch + der Wert = der Tauschwert.

But in Uzbek all compound nouns are joined together without any linking element.

A compound adjective is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes of which the left - hand component limits or changes the modification of the right - hand one, as in "the dark - green dress": dark limits the green that modifies dress.

Solid compound adjectives

There are some well - established permanent compound adjectives that have become solid over a longer period, especially in American usage: earsplitting, eye catching. However, in British usage these, apart from downtown, are more likely written with a hyphen: ear - splitting.

Other solid compound adjectives are for example:

· Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix - fold added: "fifteen `fold", "six fold".

· Points of the compass: "northwest", northwesterly, "northwestwards", but not North -West Frontier.

Hyphenated compound adjectives

A compound adjective is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modifies the noun. Compare the following examples:

· "acetic acid solution": a bitter solution producing vinegar or acetic acid (acetic + acid + solution)

· "acetic - acid solution ": a solution of acetic acid.

The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization making grouping clear:

· "Old English scholar ": an old person who is English and a scholar, or and old scholar who studies English

· "Old English scholar": is scholar of Old English

· "De facto proceedings" not (de - facto)

If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be written without a hyphen: "Sunday morning walk". Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding noun:

· "Round table" - "round - table discussion"

· "Blue sky" - "blue sky law"

· "Red light" - "red light district"

· "Four wheels" - "four wheel drive" (the singular, not the plural is used).

Others may have originated with a verb preceding and adjective or adv: "feel good" - "feel - good factor", "by now, pay later" - "by - now pay - later purchase".

Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition:

· "Stick on" - "stick - on label"

· "Walk on" - "walk - on part"

· "Stand by" - "stand - by fare"

· "Roll on; roll off" - "roll - on roll - off ferry".

The following compound adjectives are always hyphenated when they are not written as one word:

· An adjective preceding a noun to which -d or -ed has been added as a past - participle construction, used before a noun:

o "loud - mouthed hooligan"

o "middle - aged lady"

o "rose - tinted glasses "

· A noun, adjective, or adv preceding a present participle:

o "an awe - inspiring personality"

o "a long - lasting affair"

o "a far -reaching decision"

· Numbers spelled out or as numerals:

o "seven-year itch"

o "five-sided polygon"

o "20th-century poem"

o "30-pice band"

o "tenth-story window"

· A numeric with the affix -fold has a hyphen (15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteen fold).

· Numbers, spelled out or numeric, with added -odd: sixteen -odd, 70-odd.

· Compound adjectives with high- or low-: "high-level discussion", "low-price markup".

· Colors in compounds:

o "a dark-blue sweater"

o "a reddish-orange dress".

· Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "five-eight inches", but if numerator or denominators are already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "a thirty-three thousandth part".

· Fraction used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate only one third of pie".

· Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens:

o "the highest-placed competitor"

o "A shorter-term loan".

· However, a construction with most is not hyphenated:

o "The most respected member".

· Compounds including two geographical modifiers:

o "Afro-Cuban"

o "African-American" (sometimes)

o "Anglo-Asian"

· But not

o "Central American".

The following compound adjectives are not normally hyphenated:

· Where there is no risk of ambiguity:

o "a Sunday morning walk"

· Left-hand components of a compound adjective that end in -ly that modify right-hand components that are past participles (ending in -ed):

o "a hotly disputed subject"

o "a greatly improved scheme"

o "a distantly related celebrity"

· Compound adjectives that include comparatives and superlatives with more, most, less or least:

o "a more recent development"

o "the most respected member"

o "a less opportune moment"

o "the least expected event"

· Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adv in front of adjectives:

o "very much admired classicist"

o "Really well accepted proposal".

English compound adjectives are formed:

1. Adjective + noun: blackboard

2. Adjective + adjective: blue-green, dark-red, light-green.

3. Adjective + verb: highlight

4. Adjective + preposition: forthwith.

In Uzbek compound adjectives are formed in the following way:

1. Noun + noun - these adjectives are written separately: ?аво ранг, кул ранг

2. Adjective + noun - these adjectives are written as one word: ?имматба?о

3. Noun or adverb a verb with the suffix "ap": тезо?ар, эрксевар, ме?натсевар

But these adjectives are hyphenated when we translate it into English: ме?натсевар - hard-working, эрксевар - peace - loving and etc.

4. Noun + "apo" word: хал?аро as in English international.

There are a group of words which form compound adjectives, such as: аралаш, йў?, кўл, олий, оч, тў?, тўла, чала: ?умаралаш лой, тенги йў? ?из, кўп тармо?ли со?а, олий маълумотли, оч ?изил, ?орни тў?, тў? ?изил.

In English we can also find the signal words which form compound adjectives; but they are hyphenated: light, dark, long, middle, high: e.g. light - green, dark-blue, middle-aged, long-legged, and high-qualified.

German compound adjectives are formed like English compound adjectives.

1. Adjective + adjective + Adjektive = shwarzweissrot.

Deutsch + usbekisch = deutsch - usbekisch

2. Hell + grun = hell - grun. As in English light - green

3. Adjektive + Adverb = bekannt + in der Welt = Wellbekannt

машхур + дунёда = дунёга машхур

hart + wie Stahl = Stahlhart

?атти? + пўлатдай

This kind of adjectives always express comparison rot + wie ziegel = ziegelrot - красный как кирпич

blau + wie himmel = himmelblau - синий как небо

But in English “as … as” is used to show comparison: as blue as the sky

2.3.3 Compound Verbs

In Uzbek compound verbs are formed by joining two words:

1. Verb + noun - verb word: дам олмо? (to rest), ?имоя ?илмо?(to defend), пайдо бўлмо?(to appear).

Some of them are synonyms to simple verbs:

ёрдам бермо?, = ёрдамлашмо?, - to help - to give a hand

2. Verb + verb = сотиб олмо?, чи?ариб олмо?, ютиб олмо?.

Some verbs such as ў?иб чи?ди, кўриб бўлди, бошлаб юборди are not compound verbs in speech. They have no a new lexical meaning.

Verbs which are considered compound , may not be a compound verb in English and German:

му?окама ?илмо? - to discuss (simple verb)

?олиб бўлмо? - to win

In German the main word of compound verb is the second word, but modifying one will be:

· Noun:

teilnehmen - ?атнашмо?

rad fahren - велосипедда учмо?

· Adjective:

fertigmachen-tayorlamoq, oxiragacha bajarmoq.

festhalten - ushlamoq.

leichtfallen - oson bo`lmoq

· Verb: kennenlernen - знакомитъся.

2.3.4 Classification of compound Words Based on Correlation

· According to the type of correlation all productive types of compound words may be classified into four major classes:

1. Adjectival-nominal compounds comprise four subgroups of compound adjectives-three of them are proper and one derivational, they are built after the following formulas and patterns:

· a, b) the n+a formula, e. g. snow-white, colour-blind, journey-tired correlative; with word-groups of the A + as+N,. A +prp+N type, e. g. white as snow, blind to colours, tired of journey. The structure is polysemantic;

· c) the s+ved formula, e g. fear-stained, duty-bound, wind-driven correlated with word-groups of the type Ved with/by+N, e. g. stained with tears, bound by duty, etc. The distributional formula is monosemantic and is based on the instrumental relations between the components;

· d) num+n formula, e. g. (a) two-day (beard), (a) seven-year (plan), (a) forty-hour (week) correlative with Num + N type of phrases, e. g. two days, seven years, etc. Adjectives of this subgroup are used only attributively;

· e) the (a+n) + -ed pattern of derivational compounds, e. g. long-legged, low-ceilinged. This structure includes two more variants; the first member of the first component may be a numeral stem or a noun-stem (num+n) +-ed, (n+n) +-ed, e. g. one-sided, three-cornered, doll-faced, bell-shaped. Compounds of this subgroup are correlative with phrases of the type--with (having) + A+N, with (having) + Num+N, with (having)+N+N (or N+of+N), e. g. with (or having) a low ceiling, with (or having) one side, with (or having) three corners, with (or having) a doll face for with (or having) the face of a doll, with (or having) the shape of a bell.

· The system of productive types of compound adjectives may be presented as follows (table 2).

2. Verbal-nominal compounds belong to compound nouns. They may all be described through one general distributional structure n+nv, i. e. a combination of a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem. This formula includes four patterns differing in the character of the deverbal noun-stern. They are all based on verbal-nominal word-groups, built after the formula V+N or V+prp+N:

· a) [n+v+-er)] pattern, e. g. bottle-opener, stage-manager, baby-sitter, peace-fighter, is monosemantic and is based on agcntive relations that can be interpreted as 'one who does smth';

· b) [n+ (v+-ing)] pattern, e. g, rocket-flying, stage-managing, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';

c) [n+ (v+tion/-ment)] pattern, e. g. price-reduction, office-management, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';

d) compound nouns with the structure n+(v+ conversion), i, e. a combination of - a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem resulting from conversion, e. g. wage-art, dog-bite, chimney-sweep. The pattern is monosemantic.

3. V e r b a l v e r b compounds are a11 derivational compound nouns built after one formal n [(v+adv)+conversion] and correlative with phrases of the V+Adv type, a. g. a break-down from (to) break down, a hold-up from (to): hold up, a lay-out from (to) lay out. The pattern is polysemantic and is circumscribed by the manifold semantic relations typical of conversion pairs.11 See `Word - Formation', § 17.

4. Nominal compounds are all nouns built after the most polysemantic distributional formula (n+n); both stems are in most cases simple, e. g. pencil-case, windmill, horse-race. Compounds of this class correlate with nominal word-groups mostly characterized by the N+prp+N structure.

Table 3 shows the system of productive types of compound nouns of these three structural classes.

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